Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kiwango cha Umoja wa Kijamii× | Kiwango cha Kujiamini kwa Ujumla× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Sosholojia ya Siasa | Sosholojia ya Siasa |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1997–2006 | 1956–1994 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Robert Sampson, Ray Forrest, Akhtar Kearns | Morris Rosenberg, Toshio Yamagishi |
| Aina | Self-report questionnaire | Self-report questionnaire |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918-924. DOI ↗ | Rosenberg, M. (1956). Misanthropy, political ideology, and political information. Public Opinion Quarterly, 20(2), 274-290. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | SCS, Social Integration Index | GTS, Trust in Strangers |
| Zinazohusiana | 5 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The Social Cohesion Scale measures the degree to which members of a community feel integrated, connected, and unified by shared values and mutual support. Developed across multiple traditions—notably by Robert Sampson and colleagues in criminology and urban sociology, and by Forrest & Kearns in housing research—it assesses both the structural glue (institutions, networks) and affective bonds (belonging, solidarity) that hold communities together. | The Generalized Trust Scale measures an individual's propensity to trust people in general, particularly strangers with whom they have no direct relationship. Originally developed by Morris Rosenberg in 1956 and later refined by Toshio Yamagishi and colleagues, it has become foundational in research on social capital, civic participation, and intergroup relations. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
|
|