Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Mtaji wa Kijamii	Kiwango cha Rasismi ya Kisasa
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kijamii	Saikolojia ya Kijamii
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2000	1986
Mwanzilishi	Robert D. Putnam, Jill Onyx, and Paul Bullen	John B. McConahay
Aina	Self-report Likert scale	Self-report Likert scale
Chanzo asilia	Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.	McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91–125). Academic Press.
Majina mbadala	SCS	MRS
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Social Capital Scale is a self-report measure designed to assess the presence and extent of social capital in individuals and communities. Building on Robert D. Putnam's influential work on social capital as shared norms, networks, and reciprocity, the scale measures dimensions of social connection, participation in community life, and access to social resources. Multiple versions exist, including the scale developed by Onyx and Bullen (2000) with community-level validation.	The Modern Racism Scale (MRS) is a 7-item self-report measure developed by John B. McConahay in 1986 to assess subtle, contemporary forms of racial prejudice. Rather than measuring overt hostility, the MRS captures attitudes reflecting the belief that discrimination no longer exists and that racial minorities make illegitimate demands. The scale addresses limitations of earlier instruments by focusing on modern manifestations of racial bias.