Linganisha mbinu

	SF-12 Afya Survey	EQ-5D	SF-8 Health Survey	WHOQOL-BREF
Nyanja	Upimaji wa Afya	Upimaji wa Afya	Upimaji wa Afya	Upimaji wa Afya
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1996	1990	2005	1998
Mwanzilishi	John E. Ware Jr., Mark Kosinski, and Susan Keller	EuroQol Group	John E. Ware Jr., Mark Kosinski, and colleagues	World Health Organization Quality of Life Group
Aina	Brief self-report health status instrument	Generic preference-based health utility measure	Ultra-brief self-report health status instrument	Multidimensional quality of life assessment
Chanzo asilia	Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care, 34(3), 220–233.	Rabin, R., & de Charro, F. (2001). EQ-5D: a measure of health status from the EuroQol Group. Annals of Medicine, 33(5), 337–343.	Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., Dewey, J. E., & Gandek, B. (2005). How to score and interpret single-item health status measures: a manual for users of the SF-8 Health Survey. QualityMetric Inc.	The WHOQOL Group. (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28(3), 551–558.
Majina mbadala	SF-12v2, Medical Outcomes Study SF-12	EQ-5D-3L, EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol	SF-8 Questionnaire, Medical Outcomes Study SF-8	WHOQOL-BREF Questionnaire, WHO Quality of Life-BREF
Zinazohusiana	4	5	5	5
Muhtasari	The SF-12 is a brief, 12-item version of the SF-36 health survey developed by Ware, Kosinski, and Keller in 1996. Designed to reduce respondent burden while maintaining psychometric validity, it has become the standard instrument for large-scale surveys, epidemiological studies, and health outcomes research where administration time is critical.	The EQ-5D is a standardized, preference-based health utility measure developed by the EuroQol Group in 1990. It combines a descriptive health profile (five dimensions, three or five response levels) with a visual analog scale to quantify overall health status. The instrument has become essential for health economics, clinical trials, and cost-effectiveness analysis worldwide.	The SF-8 is an ultra-brief, 8-item version of the SF-36 health survey developed by Ware and colleagues in 2005. Designed for extreme time-constraint settings and large-scale epidemiological surveys, the SF-8 maintains strong correlation with SF-36 and SF-12 domains while requiring only 1–2 minutes to complete.	The WHOQOL-BREF is the brief version of the World Health Organization's quality of life assessment, developed by the WHO Quality of Life Group and published in 1998. It measures quality of life across physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains in a single 26-item self-report questionnaire. It has become the primary quality of life instrument in global health research and clinical practice.