Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Hisia kwa Uhalali katika Utafiti wa Elimu	Nafasi za Kulinganisha (CEM / Kulinganisha Bora / Kulinganisha kwa Vinasaba)
Nyanja	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1983–2002	2012
Mwanzilishi	Paul R. Rosenbaum (formal framework); applied in education research by Briggs and others	Iacus, King & Porro (CEM); Hansen (optimal/full matching)
Aina	Causal robustness / bias assessment	Matching for causal inference
Chanzo asilia	Rosenbaum, P. R. (2002). Observational Studies (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387989679	Iacus, S. M., King, G., & Porro, G. (2012). Causal Inference without Balance Checking: Coarsened Exact Matching. Political Analysis, 20(1), 1-24.
Majina mbadala	Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, hidden-bias sensitivity analysis, causal sensitivity analysis, SA for causal education studies	coarsened exact matching, optimal matching, genetic matching, CEM
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Sensitivity analysis for causality in education research tests how robust a quasi-experimental finding is to unmeasured confounding. Rather than assuming all bias has been removed, it quantifies how large a hidden bias would need to be to overturn a causal conclusion — a critical safeguard when randomisation is impossible, which is common in educational settings.	Matching Methods are a family of causal-inference techniques beyond propensity-score matching that pair treated and control units with similar covariates so that a treatment effect can be read off the balanced sample. The family includes Coarsened Exact Matching (Iacus, King & Porro, 2012), optimal matching, and genetic matching.