Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Hisia kwa Uhalali katika Utafiti wa Elimu	Tofauti-katika-Tofauti (Diff-in-Diff)
Nyanja	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1983–2002	1994
Mwanzilishi	Paul R. Rosenbaum (formal framework); applied in education research by Briggs and others	Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment)
Aina	Causal robustness / bias assessment	Causal inference / panel regression
Chanzo asilia	Rosenbaum, P. R. (2002). Observational Studies (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387989679	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355
Majina mbadala	Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, hidden-bias sensitivity analysis, causal sensitivity analysis, SA for causal education studies	diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff)
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Sensitivity analysis for causality in education research tests how robust a quasi-experimental finding is to unmeasured confounding. Rather than assuming all bias has been removed, it quantifies how large a hidden bias would need to be to overturn a causal conclusion — a critical safeguard when randomisation is impossible, which is common in educational settings.	Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes.