Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchambuzi wa Hisia kwa Uhalali× | Ulinganishaji wa Alama ya Mwelekeo× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja≠ | Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi | Takwimu za Utafiti |
| Familia≠ | Regression model | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1983–2002 | 1983 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Paul R. Rosenbaum (hidden-bias framework); extended by Cinelli & Hazlett (omitted-variable approach) | Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin |
| Aina≠ | Diagnostic / robustness check | Method |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Rosenbaum, P. R. (2002). Observational Studies (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387989679 | Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala≠ | sensitivity analysis, hidden-bias sensitivity analysis, Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, omitted-variable sensitivity | PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 4 | 3 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Sensitivity analysis for causality assesses how robust a causal conclusion is to unobserved confounding. Rather than assuming all confounders are controlled, it asks: how strong would an unmeasured variable need to be to overturn the estimated effect? It is an indispensable robustness check after any quasi-experimental or observational causal analysis. | Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
|
|