Linganisha mbinu

	Uundaji wa Milongozo ya Kimuundo (SEM)	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)	Uchanganuzi wa Upatanishi
Nyanja	Takwimu	Saikometriki	Takwimu
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	1970	1969	1986
Mwanzilishi	Karl Jöreskog (LISREL framework, 1970s)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog	Baron & Kenny
Aina	Latent variable / causal modeling	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model	Indirect effects / path test
Chanzo asilia	Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1473756540	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.	Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
Majina mbadala	Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (SEM), structural equation modelling, covariance structure analysis, latent variable modeling	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis	indirect effects analysis, path-based mediation, PROCESS macro mediation, Aracılık Analizi (Mediation / PROCESS)
Zinazohusiana	5	4	5
Muhtasari	Structural equation modeling is a multivariate statistical framework that simultaneously estimates a measurement model — relating observed indicators to latent constructs — and a structural model specifying directional or reciprocal relationships among those constructs. Rooted in the LISREL tradition developed by Karl Jöreskog in the 1970s, SEM is the standard tool for testing complex theoretical models in the social, behavioural, and management sciences.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.	Mediation analysis is a statistical procedure that tests whether the effect of an independent variable X on an outcome Y operates wholly or partly through a third variable M, called the mediator. Formalised by Baron and Kenny in 1986, it decomposes the total effect of X on Y into a direct path (c′) and an indirect path (a × b), quantifying how much of the relationship is carried by the mediating mechanism.