Linganisha mbinu

	Scan Statistic Cluster Detection	Spatial Exposure Index
Nyanja	Human Geography	Human Geography
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1997	1954
Mwanzilishi	Martin Kulldorff	Wendell Bell (P* indices); Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton (segregation dimensions)
Aina	Hypothesis-testing method for detecting statistically significant spatial clusters	Segregation measure of the potential contact or isolation between population groups
Chanzo asilia	Kulldorff, M. (1997). A spatial scan statistic. Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods, 26(6), 1481–1496.	Bell, W. (1954). A probability model for the measurement of ecological segregation. Social Forces, 32(4), 357–364.
Majina mbadala	Kulldorff Scan Statistic, Spatial Scan Statistic, SaTScan Cluster Detection	Exposure Index, Isolation Index, P-star Index
Zinazohusiana	3	4
Muhtasari	The spatial scan statistic, introduced by Martin Kulldorff in 1997, is a method for detecting and testing the significance of spatial clusters of events such as disease cases. It moves windows of many sizes and positions across the study region, treating each window as a candidate cluster, and scores it by a likelihood ratio comparing the rate of events inside the window to the rate outside. The window with the highest score is the most likely cluster, and its significance is assessed by Monte Carlo simulation, giving a principled answer to the recurring question of whether an apparent hotspot is real or chance.	The exposure and isolation indices, written P*, measure residential segregation as the degree of potential contact between population groups across the neighbourhoods of a region. Developed by Wendell Bell in 1954 and later codified by Massey and Denton in 1988 as the 'exposure' dimension of segregation, they answer a different question from evenness measures like the dissimilarity index: not how unevenly groups are distributed, but how much members of one group actually share neighbourhoods with members of another or only with their own. The interaction index gauges cross-group exposure while the isolation index gauges within-group concentration, each interpretable as a probability.