Linganisha mbinu

	Njia ya Nafasi ya Kanuni	Mfumo wa DINO
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1983	2006
Mwanzilishi	Kikumi K. Tatsuoka	James Templin, Russell Henson
Aina	IRT-based diagnostic classification	Disjunctive latent class model
Chanzo asilia	Hartz, S. M. (2002). A Bayesian framework for the unified treatment of assessing dimensionality, assessing local dependence, and estimating ability for unidimensional and multidimensional item response data. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.	Templin, J., & Henson, R. A. (2006). Measurement of psychological disorders using cognitive diagnosis models. Psychological Methods, 11(3), 287-305.
Majina mbadala	RSM	DINO
Zinazohusiana	5	4
Muhtasari	Rule Space Methodology (RSM) is a diagnostic classification approach developed by Tatsuoka (1983) that uses Item Response Theory and geometric methods to classify examinees into knowledge states based on their response patterns. Unlike classical scoring, RSM identifies which specific skills or competencies an examinee possesses or lacks, enabling targeted educational interventions.	The DINO Model (Deterministic Inputs, Noisy Outputs—Disjunctive) is a cognitive diagnostic model that relaxes DINA's conjunctive (AND) skill requirement logic. DINO assumes an examinee only needs to master one of multiple possible skill pathways to answer an item correctly, making it suitable for scenarios where skills are substitutable or alternative routes to success exist.