Linganisha mbinu

	Rubric Development	Portfolio Assessment
Nyanja	Education	Education
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2007	1992
Mwanzilishi	Performance-assessment tradition (Andrade; Arter & McTighe; Jonsson & Svingby synthesis)	Performance-assessment tradition (Arter & Spandel; Koretz; Vermont/Kentucky programs)
Aina	Systematic design of criterion-based scoring guides for performance	Assessment based on a purposeful collection of student work over time
Chanzo asilia	Jonsson, A., & Svingby, G. (2007). The use of scoring rubrics: Reliability, validity and educational consequences. Educational Research Review, 2(2), 130–144.	Arter, J. A., & Spandel, V. (1992). Using portfolios of student work in instruction and assessment. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 11(1), 36–44.
Majina mbadala	Scoring Rubric Design, Analytic and Holistic Rubrics, Performance Scoring Guides, Rubric Construction	Educational Portfolio Assessment, Student Portfolio Evaluation, Showcase / Working Portfolio Assessment, Portfolio-Based Assessment
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Rubric development is the systematic design of criterion-referenced scoring guides for judging complex performance such as writing, projects, presentations, and problem solving. A rubric specifies the dimensions on which work is evaluated and describes, in ordered levels, what each degree of quality looks like. Done well — as the syntheses by Andrade and by Jonsson and Svingby show — rubrics make scoring more reliable and transparent, clarify expectations for students, and turn assessment into a tool for learning rather than merely a verdict.	Portfolio assessment evaluates learning through a purposeful collection of a student's work assembled over time rather than through a single test. The portfolio may showcase best work, document growth, or demonstrate mastery against standards, and typically includes student selection and reflection. Articulated for education by Arter and Spandel and stress-tested in large-scale programs analyzed by Koretz, it captures authentic, complex performance that on-demand testing misses, while raising distinctive challenges for the reliability and comparability of scores.