Linganisha mbinu

	Modeli wa Kurekebisha Hitilafu wa Kipeo Imara (Robust VECM)	Kipimo cha Uunganishaji wa Johansen na Kielelezo cha Mfumo wa Kurekebisha Makosa
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Fedha
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1997–2001	1991
Mwanzilishi	Sakata & White (1998); Lucas (1997) — robust cointegrated system estimation	Søren Johansen
Aina	Robust multivariate time-series model	Multivariate cointegration / vector error correction model
Chanzo asilia	Caner, M., & Kilian, L. (2001). Size distortions of tests of the null hypothesis of stationarity: Evidence and implications for the PPP debate. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20(5), 639-657.	Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580.
Majina mbadala	robust VECM, outlier-robust VECM, robust cointegration model, robust VEC model	Johansen test, VECM, vector error correction model, multivariate cointegration
Zinazohusiana	1	3
Muhtasari	Robust VECM extends the classical Vector Error Correction Model by replacing ordinary least squares estimation with outlier-resistant procedures — such as M-estimators, S-estimators, or least trimmed squares — so that cointegration relationships and short-run adjustment dynamics are estimated reliably even when the multivariate time series contains outliers, structural breaks, or heavy-tailed innovations.	The Johansen procedure is a multivariate cointegration framework, introduced by Søren Johansen in 1991, that tests for long-run equilibrium relationships among several I(1) time series. It determines how many cointegrating vectors link the series and then builds a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to describe the short-run dynamics around that equilibrium.