Linganisha mbinu

	Uthabiti Imara wa Jaribio-Rudia	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1990s–2000s	1969
Mwanzilishi	Built on classical test-retest reliability (Pearson, early 1900s); robust extensions formalized by Wilcox and colleagues from the 1990s onward	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Reliability / measurement stability	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Wilcox, R. R. (2012). Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing (3rd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0123869838	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	robust temporal stability, outlier-resistant retest reliability, robust repeatability coefficient, robust intraclass correlation	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	3	4
Muhtasari	Robust test-retest reliability quantifies how consistently a measure ranks or scores the same individuals across two occasions while protecting the estimate from distortion by outliers and non-normal score distributions. It replaces or supplements classical Pearson-based correlation and standard ICC formulas with robust estimators of location, scale, and association.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.