Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Kina wa Uhusiano wa Kimaeneo	Uhusiano wa Kiasilia
Nyanja	Uchanganuzi wa Kimaeneo	Uchanganuzi wa Kimaeneo
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1981–1995	1950
Mwanzilishi	Cliff & Ord; extended by Anselin and colleagues	P. A. P. Moran (global measure, 1950); Roy Geary (Geary's C, 1954); Luc Anselin (LISA, 1995)
Aina	Spatial dependence test (robust variant)	Spatial statistic / exploratory spatial data analysis
Chanzo asilia	Anselin, L., & Florax, R. J. G. M. (1995). Small sample properties of tests for spatial dependence in regression models: some further results. In Anselin, L. & Florax, R. J. G. M. (Eds.), New Directions in Spatial Econometrics. Springer, Berlin.	Moran, P. A. P. (1950). Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika, 37(1/2), 17–23.
Majina mbadala	robust Moran's I, robust spatial dependence test, outlier-resistant spatial autocorrelation, RSA	spatial dependence, geographic autocorrelation, spatial clustering measure, SA
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Robust spatial autocorrelation methods measure the degree to which nearby geographic units share similar values, while explicitly controlling for the distorting influence of spatial outliers and extreme observations. They extend classical statistics such as Moran's I by down-weighting or trimming observations that would otherwise inflate or deflate the autocorrelation signal.	Spatial autocorrelation quantifies the degree to which a variable's values at nearby locations resemble each other more (positive autocorrelation) or less (negative autocorrelation) than expected by chance. Global indices such as Moran's I summarise the pattern across the entire study area, while local variants reveal clusters and outliers at the level of individual observations.