Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Kina wa Uhusiano wa Kimaeneo	Viashirio vya Mitaa vya Chama cha Wanaanga (LISA)
Nyanja	Uchanganuzi wa Kimaeneo	Uchanganuzi wa Kimaeneo
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1981–1995	1995
Mwanzilishi	Cliff & Ord; extended by Anselin and colleagues	Luc Anselin
Aina	Spatial dependence test (robust variant)	Local spatial statistic
Chanzo asilia	Anselin, L., & Florax, R. J. G. M. (1995). Small sample properties of tests for spatial dependence in regression models: some further results. In Anselin, L. & Florax, R. J. G. M. (Eds.), New Directions in Spatial Econometrics. Springer, Berlin.	Anselin, L. (1995). Local Indicators of Spatial Association — LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93–115.
Majina mbadala	robust Moran's I, robust spatial dependence test, outlier-resistant spatial autocorrelation, RSA	LISA, local spatial autocorrelation statistics, local Moran's I, Anselin LISA
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	Robust spatial autocorrelation methods measure the degree to which nearby geographic units share similar values, while explicitly controlling for the distorting influence of spatial outliers and extreme observations. They extend classical statistics such as Moran's I by down-weighting or trimming observations that would otherwise inflate or deflate the autocorrelation signal.	LISA, introduced by Luc Anselin in 1995, decomposes a global spatial autocorrelation index into a location-specific statistic for every observation. It identifies where statistically significant spatial clusters and outliers occur on a map, enabling researchers to move beyond a single global summary and pinpoint the geographic sources of spatial dependence.