Linganisha mbinu

	Mfumo Imara wa Rasch	Nadharia ya Itikio la Kipengee (IRT)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1982	1952–1968
Mwanzilishi	Mislevy & Bock (robust ability estimation); broader robust IRT formalized through 1980s–2000s	Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models)
Aina	Robust item calibration model	Probabilistic measurement model
Chanzo asilia	Strobl, C., Wickelmaier, F., & Zeileis, A. (2011). Accounting for individual differences in Bradley-Terry models by means of recursive partitioning. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 36(2), 135–153.	Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley.
Majina mbadala	robust IRT Rasch, robust dichotomous Rasch, outlier-resistant Rasch model, robust item calibration	IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	The robust Rasch model applies the standard one-parameter logistic Rasch framework with estimation procedures designed to limit the influence of outlying item responses, aberrant respondents, or mild model violations, producing stable item and person parameter estimates that are less sensitive to data contamination than ordinary maximum likelihood or conditional maximum likelihood Rasch estimation.	Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons.