Linganisha mbinu

	Uzito wa Alama ya Uwezekano wa Kuimarishwa (Robust Propensity Score Weighting)	Uchambuzi wa Hisia kwa Uhalali
Nyanja	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1994–2019	1983–2002
Mwanzilishi	Robins, Rotnitzky, & Zhao (foundational augmented IPW); Zhao, Small, & Bhattacharya (sensitivity-robust IPW)	Paul R. Rosenbaum (hidden-bias framework); extended by Cinelli & Hazlett (omitted-variable approach)
Aina	Robust causal weighting estimator	Diagnostic / robustness check
Chanzo asilia	Robins, J. M., Rotnitzky, A., & Zhao, L. P. (1994). Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 89(427), 846-866.	Rosenbaum, P. R. (2002). Observational Studies (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387989679
Majina mbadala	robust PSW, robust IPW, robustness-augmented propensity score weighting, misspecification-robust weighting	sensitivity analysis, hidden-bias sensitivity analysis, Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, omitted-variable sensitivity
Zinazohusiana	6	4
Muhtasari	Robust Propensity Score Weighting extends standard inverse probability weighting by incorporating safeguards against misspecification of the propensity score model and extreme weights. It combines techniques such as weight trimming, overlap weighting, or augmented outcome models to ensure that causal effect estimates remain reliable even when the propensity score model is imperfectly specified.	Sensitivity analysis for causality assesses how robust a causal conclusion is to unobserved confounding. Rather than assuming all confounders are controlled, it asks: how strong would an unmeasured variable need to be to overturn the estimated effect? It is an indispensable robustness check after any quasi-experimental or observational causal analysis.