Linganisha mbinu

	Robust Propensity Score Matching	Kikokotozi cha Kulinganisha
Nyanja	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	2016 (robust variance correction); 1983 (PSM foundations)	1973
Mwanzilishi	Abadie & Imbens (2016) for matching-on-estimated-propensity-score with corrected variance; Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983) for PSM foundations	Rubin (1973); large-sample theory by Abadie & Imbens (2006)
Aina	Quasi-experimental matching estimator with robust inference	Nonparametric matching / causal inference
Chanzo asilia	Abadie, A., & Imbens, G. W. (2016). Matching on the Estimated Propensity Score. Econometrica, 84(2), 781-807.	Abadie, A., & Imbens, G. W. (2006). Large Sample Properties of Matching Estimators for Average Treatment Effects. Econometrica, 74(1), 235-267.
Majina mbadala	robust PSM, PSM with robust variance, bias-corrected PSM, matching with robust inference	nearest-neighbor matching, NNM, matching on covariates, covariate matching
Zinazohusiana	6	6
Muhtasari	Robust Propensity Score Matching (robust PSM) is a quasi-experimental causal inference method that pairs treated and control units on their estimated probability of receiving treatment (the propensity score), then estimates the average treatment effect using variance estimators that account for the uncertainty introduced by estimating the propensity score itself. The correction, developed by Abadie and Imbens (2016), prevents misleading inference that standard bootstrap or analytic formulas produce when applied naively after matching.	The matching estimator identifies the causal effect of a treatment by pairing each treated unit with one or more untreated units that have similar observed characteristics. Formalised by Rubin (1973) and given rigorous large-sample theory by Abadie and Imbens (2006), it constructs a credible control group from observational data without requiring a parametric model for the outcome.