Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi Imara wa Njia	Uchanganuzi wa Upatanishi
Nyanja	Takwimu	Takwimu
Familia	Latent structure	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	1998	1986
Mwanzilishi	Yuan & Bentler (robust SEM/path framework); Huber (M-estimation foundation)	Baron & Kenny
Aina	Causal path modeling with robust estimation	Indirect effects / path test
Chanzo asilia	Yuan, K.-H. & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Robust mean and covariance structure analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 51(1), 63–88.	Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
Majina mbadala	robust PA, path analysis with robust standard errors, robust causal path modeling, robust structural path modeling	indirect effects analysis, path-based mediation, PROCESS macro mediation, Aracılık Analizi (Mediation / PROCESS)
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Robust path analysis applies robust estimation — such as sandwich standard errors or M-estimation — to path models that specify directed causal relationships among observed variables. It preserves valid inference about path coefficients and indirect effects when data violate normality, contain outliers, or exhibit heteroscedasticity that would distort conventional standard errors.	Mediation analysis is a statistical procedure that tests whether the effect of an independent variable X on an outcome Y operates wholly or partly through a third variable M, called the mediator. Formalised by Baron and Kenny in 1986, it decomposes the total effect of X on Y into a direct path (c′) and an indirect path (a × b), quantifying how much of the relationship is carried by the mediating mechanism.