Linganisha mbinu

	Uthibitisho Imara wa Uhusiano wa Kimfumo	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1955	1969
Mwanzilishi	Cronbach & Meehl (seminal framework); later extended by Shadish, Cook, and Campbell	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Validity assessment / construct validation	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Cronbach, L. J. & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	nomological network validity, robust validity testing, nomological validity, RNV	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	5	4
Muhtasari	Robust nomological validity evaluates whether a psychological construct relates to theoretically expected variables in the predicted directions, using statistically robust estimation methods that remain trustworthy when distributional assumptions are violated. It tests the construct's place within its nomological network — the web of theoretical relationships that define its meaning.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.