Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Upimaji wa Kielelezo Imara	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Muundo wa Utafiti	Saikometriki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1988–1998	1969
Mwanzilishi	Albert Satorra & Peter M. Bentler; Ke-Hai Yuan	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Quantitative model-testing research design with robust estimation	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 399–419). Sage.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	robust SEM, robust structural model testing, robust fit evaluation, robust model evaluation research	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	6	4
Muhtasari	Robust model testing research applies structural or path models to data while explicitly accounting for violations of multivariate normality and other distributional assumptions. Rather than discarding non-normal data or forcing transformations, it uses corrected estimators — most notably the Satorra-Bentler scaled chi-square and Yuan-Bentler robust standard errors — to produce trustworthy fit indices and parameter estimates even when classical maximum likelihood assumptions are breached.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.