Linganisha mbinu

	Generalized Least Squares (GLS) Imara	Mbinu ya Viwango Vidogo Vilivyopanuliwa (GLS)	Urejeshaji wa Njia ya Viwango Vidogo vya Kawaida (OLS)	OLS Imara (OLS yenye Makosa Sanifu Imara)
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Takwimu	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1936 / 1980	1935	2019	1980
Mwanzilishi	Aitken (GLS theory, 1936); White (robust covariance, 1980)	Alexander Craig Aitken	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Halbert White
Aina	Robust linear regression	Linear estimator	Linear regression	Linear regression with robust inference
Chanzo asilia	Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric Analysis (7th ed.). Pearson. Chapter 9: The Generalized Regression Model and Heteroscedasticity. ISBN: 978-0131395381	Aitken, A. C. (1935). IV.—On least squares and linear combination of observations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 55, 42–48.	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817–838.
Majina mbadala	robust generalized least squares, GLS with robust standard errors, heteroscedasticity-consistent GLS, HC-GLS	GLS, Aitken estimator, EGLS, feasible GLS	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	HC robust regression, White robust OLS, sandwich estimator OLS, OLS with robust standard errors
Zinazohusiana	5	3	5	6
Muhtasari	Robust GLS extends classical Generalized Least Squares by pairing GLS coefficient estimation with heteroscedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent (HAC) standard errors, or by using M-estimation within the GLS framework. It corrects for non-spherical errors — heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, or both — while also guarding inference against misspecification of the error covariance structure.	Generalized Least Squares (GLS) is a linear regression estimator that extends ordinary least squares to handle situations where the error terms are correlated or have non-constant variance (heteroscedasticity). Introduced by Alexander Craig Aitken in 1935, GLS achieves the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) under a general error covariance structure by weighting observations according to their precision, providing a theoretical bridge between OLS and modern linear mixed models.	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	Robust OLS applies ordinary least squares to estimate coefficients and then replaces the classical standard errors with heteroscedasticity-consistent (HC) standard errors — commonly called White standard errors. This leaves the point estimates unchanged while yielding valid t-statistics and confidence intervals even when the error variance is not constant across observations.