Linganisha mbinu

	Generalized Least Squares (GLS) Imara	Mbinu ya Viwango Vidogo Vilivyopanuliwa (GLS)	Urejeshaji wa Njia ya Viwango Vidogo vya Kawaida (OLS)	Generalized Least Squares (GLS) ya Paneli (Panel GLS)
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Takwimu	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1936 / 1980	1935	2019	1935 / developed for panels 1980s–1990s
Mwanzilishi	Aitken (GLS theory, 1936); White (robust covariance, 1980)	Alexander Craig Aitken	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Aitken (1935); extended to panel data by Baltagi and others
Aina	Robust linear regression	Linear estimator	Linear regression	Generalized linear regression
Chanzo asilia	Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric Analysis (7th ed.). Pearson. Chapter 9: The Generalized Regression Model and Heteroscedasticity. ISBN: 978-0131395381	Aitken, A. C. (1935). IV.—On least squares and linear combination of observations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 55, 42–48.	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (2nd ed.). MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0262232586
Majina mbadala	robust generalized least squares, GLS with robust standard errors, heteroscedasticity-consistent GLS, HC-GLS	GLS, Aitken estimator, EGLS, feasible GLS	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	Panel GLS, Generalized Least Squares for panel data, FGLS panel, feasible GLS panel
Zinazohusiana	5	3	5	3
Muhtasari	Robust GLS extends classical Generalized Least Squares by pairing GLS coefficient estimation with heteroscedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent (HAC) standard errors, or by using M-estimation within the GLS framework. It corrects for non-spherical errors — heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, or both — while also guarding inference against misspecification of the error covariance structure.	Generalized Least Squares (GLS) is a linear regression estimator that extends ordinary least squares to handle situations where the error terms are correlated or have non-constant variance (heteroscedasticity). Introduced by Alexander Craig Aitken in 1935, GLS achieves the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) under a general error covariance structure by weighting observations according to their precision, providing a theoretical bridge between OLS and modern linear mixed models.	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	Panel GLS is a regression method for longitudinal data that explicitly models the non-spherical error structure — heteroscedasticity across units and serial correlation within units — to recover efficient coefficient estimates. Unlike OLS, it weights observations by the inverse of the error covariance matrix, yielding the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator when the error structure is correctly specified.