Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti Imara wa Kuelezea	Utafiti Elekezi
Nyanja	Muundo wa Utafiti	Muundo wa Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1960s–1980s (robust statistics foundations); applied to explanatory research from 1990s onward	1960s–1980s (codified in behavioral and social science methodology)
Mwanzilishi	Peter J. Huber (robust statistics); applied to explanatory designs via Rand Wilcox and others	Formalized by Earl Babbie and Fred Kerlinger among others
Aina	Quantitative research design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
Chanzo asilia	Huber, P. J. (1981). Robust Statistics. Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471418054	Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of Behavioral Research (3rd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030417559
Majina mbadala	robust causal research, outlier-resistant explanatory design, robust regression-based explanatory study	analytical research, causal research, explanatory study, explanatory quantitative research
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Robust explanatory research combines the explanatory goal of identifying why and how variables causally influence one another with robust statistical methods that remain valid when data violate classical assumptions — particularly normality, homoscedasticity, and the absence of influential outliers. Rather than discarding outliers or forcing data to conform to ordinary least squares assumptions, this design applies estimators and inferential procedures that down-weight or resist the distorting influence of extreme observations while preserving the explanatory aim of the study.	Explanatory research is a non-experimental quantitative research design that goes beyond describing a phenomenon to identifying why it occurs — examining the relationships or mechanisms that account for observed patterns. Rooted in positivist social science methodology, it uses theory-driven hypotheses and statistical analysis to test whether specific variables explain variation in an outcome, without necessarily manipulating those variables.