Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi Imara wa Ukubwa wa Athari	Jaribio la t Imara la Sampuli Huru
Nyanja	Takwimu	Takwimu
Familia	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	2005 (formalized)	1974–1990s
Mwanzilishi	Algina, Keselman & Penfield; Wilcox	Rand R. Wilcox; Karen K. Yuen (trimmed-mean form)
Aina	Robust effect size estimation	Robust parametric mean comparison
Chanzo asilia	Algina, J., Keselman, H. J., & Penfield, R. D. (2005). An alternative to Cohen's standardized mean difference effect size: A robust parameter and confidence interval in the two independent groups case. Psychological Methods, 10(3), 317–328.	Wilcox, R. R. (2012). Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing (3rd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0123869838
Majina mbadala	robust Cohen's d, trimmed-mean effect size, outlier-resistant effect size, robust standardized mean difference	Yuen's t-test, trimmed-mean t-test, Winsorized t-test, robust two-sample test
Zinazohusiana	5	2
Muhtasari	Robust effect size analysis quantifies the magnitude of a difference or association using estimators that are resistant to outliers and violations of normality. Rather than relying on classical statistics such as Cohen's d based on sample means and standard deviations, robust variants use trimmed means and Winsorized standard deviations to produce effect size estimates that accurately reflect the typical effect rather than being inflated by extreme values.	The robust independent samples t-test compares the central tendency of two independent groups using trimmed means and Winsorized variances, making it substantially less sensitive to outliers and non-normality than the classical Student or Welch t-test. The most widely used form is Yuen's test, which also accommodates unequal variances across groups.