Linganisha mbinu

	Uundaji wa Eneo la Hatari	Uchanganuzi wa Kijiografia
Nyanja	Forensiki	Forensiki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2011	1994
Mwanzilishi	Joel Caplan	David Canter
Aina	Geographic information systems and crime science method	Geographic and spatial analytics method
Chanzo asilia	Caplan, J. M., Kennedy, L. W., & Miller, J. (2011). Risk terrain modeling: Brokering criminological theory and GIS methods for crime forecasting. Journal of Research and Practice in Criminal Justice, 17(1), 56-69.	Canter, D. V., & Hammond, L. (1994). Picking up the pieces: The identification of glass sources in forensic enquiries. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39(4), 1018-1034.
Majina mbadala	environmental criminology, RTM analysis, crime risk mapping	spatial crime analysis, crime hotspot mapping
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	Risk Terrain Modeling (RTM) is a geospatial crime prediction method that identifies high-risk locations by analyzing environmental and geographic features that attract or facilitate crime. Developed by Joel Caplan, Lichen Kennedy, and James Miller in 2011, RTM bridges environmental criminology theory with geographic information systems (GIS) to create predictive risk maps. Unlike methods that predict offender location (e.g., geographic profiling), RTM predicts where crimes are likely to occur based on terrain characteristics, infrastructure, and social environmental factors.	Geographic profiling is a spatial analysis method used in forensic investigation to locate offenders based on the locations of their crimes. Developed by David Canter in 1994, it combines geostatistics, probability theory, and crime pattern analysis to identify high-probability crime origin zones. The method has been widely adopted in law enforcement agencies across North America and Europe.