Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti wa Kesi-na-Udhibiti Ulioboreshwa kwa Hatari× | Utafiti Ulinganifu wa Kesi na Kidhibiti× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1950s–1980s (case-control design from 1950; risk-adjustment conventions established by 1980s) | 1950s–1970s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Doll & Hill (foundational case-control); risk adjustment via multivariate logistic regression systematised by Schlesselman (1982) and Breslow & Day (1980) | Brian MacMahon and others; systematised by Schlesselman (1982) |
| Aina≠ | Observational analytic study design | Observational analytic design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Schlesselman, J. J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195029697 | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755474 |
| Majina mbadala | adjusted case-control study, covariate-adjusted case-control, risk-stratified case-control study, matched and adjusted case-control study | matched case-referent study, individually matched case-control, pair-matched case-control, matched case-control design |
| Zinazohusiana | 5 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A risk-adjusted case-control study is an observational design that identifies individuals with a disease outcome (cases) and comparable individuals without it (controls), then uses statistical adjustment — most commonly multivariable logistic regression — to estimate the association between an exposure and the outcome while controlling for confounding risk factors. The adjustment step is what distinguishes this variant from a simple case-control study, producing odds ratios that better reflect the independent contribution of the exposure of interest. | A matched case-control study is an observational epidemiological design in which each case (a person with the disease or outcome of interest) is paired with one or more controls (persons without the outcome) who share one or more characteristics — such as age, sex, or clinical setting — to control confounding. Exposure history is then compared between cases and their matched controls to estimate the odds ratio of the exposure-disease association. |
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