Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti wa Kesi-Udhibiti Retrospective uliowekwa ndani× | Utafiti wa Kikundi cha Nyuma (Retrospective Cohort Study)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1973 (formal description); widely adopted in epidemiology from 1980s onward | Mid-20th century (widely formalized 1950s–1970s) |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Nested case-control formalized by Mantel (1973); retrospective application via historical cohort records | Systematic use attributed to early 20th-century occupational epidemiology; formalized in modern epidemiological theory by Brian MacMahon and others |
| Aina≠ | Observational analytic study design | Observational analytic study |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Mantel, N. (1973). Synthetic retrospective studies and related topics. Biometrics, 29(3), 479–486. link ↗ | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641 |
| Majina mbadala | retrospective NCC, nested case-control within retrospective cohort, case-control nested in historical cohort, nested CCR | historical cohort study, non-concurrent cohort study, retrospective follow-up study, historical prospective study |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 5 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A retrospective nested case-control study is an efficient observational design in which cases and matched controls are sampled from within an already-assembled retrospective cohort. Exposure data are retrieved from historical records only for selected participants, dramatically reducing data-collection costs while retaining most of the analytic power of the full cohort. It is widely used in pharmacoepidemiology, occupational health, and disease-registry research. | A retrospective cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point and reconstructs their exposure history and subsequent outcomes entirely from pre-existing records. Because the data have already been collected before the study begins, the design is far faster and cheaper than a prospective cohort; however, the researcher must work with whatever information was recorded at the time rather than collecting purpose-built measurements. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
|
|