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Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchambuzi Retrospective Kaplan-Meier× | Utafiti wa Kikundi cha Nyuma (Retrospective Cohort Study)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1958 (method); retrospective application standard in clinical research since 1970s–1980s) | Mid-20th century (widely formalized 1950s–1970s) |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Edward L. Kaplan and Paul Meier | Systematic use attributed to early 20th-century occupational epidemiology; formalized in modern epidemiological theory by Brian MacMahon and others |
| Aina≠ | Non-parametric survival analysis applied to historical data | Observational analytic study |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Kaplan, E. L., & Meier, P. (1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 53(282), 457–481. DOI ↗ | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641 |
| Majina mbadala | retrospective KM analysis, retrospective survival curve estimation, historical Kaplan-Meier, retrospective KM estimator | historical cohort study, non-concurrent cohort study, retrospective follow-up study, historical prospective study |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 5 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Retrospective Kaplan-Meier analysis applies the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator to time-to-event data drawn from existing records — medical charts, registries, or administrative databases — rather than from a prospectively followed cohort. The method estimates the probability of surviving (or remaining event-free) beyond any given time point while accounting for participants whose follow-up ended before the event occurred (censored observations). It is among the most commonly reported analyses in clinical oncology, cardiology, and surgery. | A retrospective cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point and reconstructs their exposure history and subsequent outcomes entirely from pre-existing records. Because the data have already been collected before the study begins, the design is far faster and cheaper than a prospective cohort; however, the researcher must work with whatever information was recorded at the time rather than collecting purpose-built measurements. |
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