Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti Retrospective wa Usahihi wa Utambuzi	Tathmini ya Kipimo cha Kuchuja
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Formalized 2000s; STARD 2003, revised 2015	1968 (Wilson-Jungner principles); statistical framework developed 1970s–2000s
Mwanzilishi	Formalized through the STARD initiative led by Patrick Bossuyt and colleagues	Wilson & Jungner (WHO criteria, 1968); foundational work by Pepe, Altman, and others in statistical test evaluation
Aina	Observational, retrospective study design	Observational diagnostic / epidemiological evaluation design
Chanzo asilia	Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., et al. (2015). STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. BMJ, 351, h5527.	Wilson, J. M. G., & Jungner, G. (1968). Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. World Health Organization. Public Health Papers No. 34.
Majina mbadala	retrospective DAS, retrospective test accuracy study, retrospective index test evaluation, historical diagnostic accuracy study	screening study, screening performance evaluation, screening accuracy assessment, STE
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	A retrospective diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a diagnostic test (the index test) correctly identifies a target condition by applying it to previously collected data or archived specimens alongside a reference standard. Because both index test results and reference standard results are drawn from existing records or stored material rather than generated prospectively, this design is faster and less costly than a prospective counterpart — but carries specific methodological risks that must be controlled to produce valid estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and related measures.	Screening test evaluation is a systematic epidemiological approach for assessing whether a test or program can accurately and cost-effectively identify individuals with a condition before symptoms appear. It quantifies diagnostic performance metrics — sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and the ROC curve — and evaluates whether a screening program meets established public health criteria for adoption and harm-benefit balance.