Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti Retrospective wa Usahihi wa Utambuzi× | Utafiti wa Kikundi cha Nyuma (Retrospective Cohort Study)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | Formalized 2000s; STARD 2003, revised 2015 | Mid-20th century (widely formalized 1950s–1970s) |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Formalized through the STARD initiative led by Patrick Bossuyt and colleagues | Systematic use attributed to early 20th-century occupational epidemiology; formalized in modern epidemiological theory by Brian MacMahon and others |
| Aina≠ | Observational, retrospective study design | Observational analytic study |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., et al. (2015). STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. BMJ, 351, h5527. DOI ↗ | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641 |
| Majina mbadala | retrospective DAS, retrospective test accuracy study, retrospective index test evaluation, historical diagnostic accuracy study | historical cohort study, non-concurrent cohort study, retrospective follow-up study, historical prospective study |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 5 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A retrospective diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a diagnostic test (the index test) correctly identifies a target condition by applying it to previously collected data or archived specimens alongside a reference standard. Because both index test results and reference standard results are drawn from existing records or stored material rather than generated prospectively, this design is faster and less costly than a prospective counterpart — but carries specific methodological risks that must be controlled to produce valid estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and related measures. | A retrospective cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point and reconstructs their exposure history and subsequent outcomes entirely from pre-existing records. Because the data have already been collected before the study begins, the design is far faster and cheaper than a prospective cohort; however, the researcher must work with whatever information was recorded at the time rather than collecting purpose-built measurements. |
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