Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti wa Retrospektivu wa Epidemiolojia wa Sehemu Mtambuka× | Utafiti wa Kikundi cha Nyuma (Retrospective Cohort Study)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | Mid–late 20th century | Mid-20th century (widely formalized 1950s–1970s) |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Epidemiology tradition (formalized in mid-20th century; Rothman, Greenland and others) | Systematic use attributed to early 20th-century occupational epidemiology; formalized in modern epidemiological theory by Brian MacMahon and others |
| Aina≠ | Observational study design | Observational analytic study |
| Chanzo asilia | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641 | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641 |
| Majina mbadala | retrospective cross-sectional survey, record-based cross-sectional study, retrospective prevalence study, secondary-data cross-sectional study | historical cohort study, non-concurrent cohort study, retrospective follow-up study, historical prospective study |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 5 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A retrospective cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the prevalence of exposures and outcomes at a single analytical time point using data that were originally recorded in the past — such as medical records, administrative databases, or disease registries. It combines the snapshot logic of a cross-sectional design with the efficiency of retrospective data access, making it a practical choice when prospective data collection is unfeasible or when large existing datasets are available. | A retrospective cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point and reconstructs their exposure history and subsequent outcomes entirely from pre-existing records. Because the data have already been collected before the study begins, the design is far faster and cheaper than a prospective cohort; however, the researcher must work with whatever information was recorded at the time rather than collecting purpose-built measurements. |
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