Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Ripoti ya Kisa cha Retrospective× | Mfululizo wa Kesi Retrospective× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 19th century (formalized ~2013 with CARE guidelines) | Long-standing practice; codified in EBM frameworks during 1990s–2000s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Case reporting tradition in medicine (formalized by CARE guidelines, Riley et al., 2013) | Clinical medicine tradition (no single originator); formalized in evidence-based medicine literature |
| Aina≠ | Observational descriptive study | Observational descriptive study design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Gagnier, J. J., Kienle, G., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., Sox, H., & Riley, D. (2013). The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 7(1), 223. DOI ↗ | Kooistra, B., Dijkman, B., Einhorn, T. A., & Bhandari, M. (2009). How to design a good case series. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 91(Suppl 3), 21–26. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | retrospective case study, post-hoc case report, retrospective clinical case, case report | retrospective case series, chart review case series, historical case series, medical records case series |
| Zinazohusiana | 4 | 4 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A retrospective case report is a detailed, structured narrative of a single patient's clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcome, assembled from existing medical records after the clinical events have occurred. It is the most granular and accessible observational design in clinical medicine, serving primarily to document rare presentations, unexpected outcomes, novel treatments, or unusual drug reactions that would not otherwise enter the published literature. | A retrospective case series is an observational study that systematically describes the clinical features, treatments, and outcomes of a defined group of patients by examining pre-existing medical records or administrative data. It looks backward in time — data have already been recorded before the study begins. With no control group, no randomization, and no prospective follow-up, it sits near the base of the evidence hierarchy but remains one of the most practical and frequently published study designs in clinical medicine. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
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