Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Ripoti ya Kisa cha Retrospective× | Utafiti wa Kesi-udhibiti× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 19th century (formalized ~2013 with CARE guidelines) | 1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Case reporting tradition in medicine (formalized by CARE guidelines, Riley et al., 2013) | Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s |
| Aina≠ | Observational descriptive study | Observational analytic study design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Gagnier, J. J., Kienle, G., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., Sox, H., & Riley, D. (2013). The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 7(1), 223. DOI ↗ | Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860 |
| Majina mbadala | retrospective case study, post-hoc case report, retrospective clinical case, case report | case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 4 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A retrospective case report is a detailed, structured narrative of a single patient's clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcome, assembled from existing medical records after the clinical events have occurred. It is the most granular and accessible observational design in clinical medicine, serving primarily to document rare presentations, unexpected outcomes, novel treatments, or unusual drug reactions that would not otherwise enter the published literature. | A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses. |
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