Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kesi-Udhibiti Retrospective	Muundo wa Kesi-Msalaba
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1950s–1960s (formal methodology)	1991
Mwanzilishi	Jerome Cornfield; formalized by Brian MacMahon and others in mid-20th-century epidemiology	Malcolm Maclure
Aina	Observational analytical study	Observational epidemiological study design
Chanzo asilia	Schlesselman, J. J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195029338	Maclure, M. (1991). The case-crossover design: A method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133(2), 144–153.
Majina mbadala	case-control study, retrospective case-referent study, case-referent design, trohoc study	case-crossover study, CCO design, self-matched case study, within-person crossover case study
Zinazohusiana	5	3
Muhtasari	A retrospective case-control study identifies individuals who already have an outcome of interest (cases) and a comparable group without it (controls), then looks backward in time using existing records to determine prior exposure to a suspected risk factor. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio. This design is especially efficient for studying rare diseases or outcomes with long latency periods, since the outcome has already occurred before the study begins.	The case-crossover design is an observational epidemiological method that estimates whether a transient exposure triggers an acute event by comparing each case's exposure during a brief hazard window immediately before the event to their own exposure during earlier control periods. Because each person serves as their own control, all stable personal characteristics are automatically adjusted for, making the design especially powerful for studying intermittent exposures and sudden-onset outcomes such as myocardial infarction, stroke, or injury.