Linganisha mbinu

	Mchakato wa Kufuta Makala	Wizi wa Kazi za Wasomi katika Utafiti wa Kielimu
Nyanja	Maadili ya Uchapishaji	Maadili ya Uchapishaji
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1948	1989
Mwanzilishi	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE); Retraction Watch initiative	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and institutional policies
Aina	Process	Standard
Chanzo asilia	Committee on Publication Ethics (2019). Retraction Guidelines. COPE.	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (2023). Definition of Research Misconduct. Federal Policy on Research Misconduct (42 CFR Part 93). ORI.
Majina mbadala	Retraction Notice, Paper Retraction, Correction Notice	Text Plagiarism, Idea Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	An article retraction is the invalidation of a published article due to serious flaws (data fraud, major methodological errors, ethical violations) that undermine its conclusions. Retractions are distinct from corrections (which address minor errors) and are initiated by authors, editors, or institutions when integrity is compromised. The first modern retraction was published in 1948. COPE published formal Retraction Guidelines in 2009 (updated 2019) that specify when retraction is appropriate, how it is conducted, and how retraction notices are recorded. Retracted articles remain in the literature with a visible 'RETRACTED' watermark, preserving the scientific record and warning readers.	Plagiarism—the use of others' words, ideas, or methods without attribution—is formally classified as research misconduct by the U.S. Office of Research Integrity and most institutions worldwide. It ranges from verbatim copying of text to paraphrasing without citation to presenting others' ideas as one's own. Unlike accidental omission of a citation (which is corrected via erratum), plagiarism implies intent or gross negligence and triggers investigation, potential retraction, and career consequences. Plagiarism detection tools (e.g., Turnitin, iThenticate) and manual checking by journals now routinely screen manuscripts.