Linganisha mbinu

	Mchakato wa Kufuta Makala	Miongozo ya COPE kwa Maadili ya Uchapishaji
Nyanja	Maadili ya Uchapishaji	Maadili ya Uchapishaji
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1948	1997
Mwanzilishi	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE); Retraction Watch initiative	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
Aina	Process	Standard
Chanzo asilia	Committee on Publication Ethics (2019). Retraction Guidelines. COPE.	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines. COPE Website.
Majina mbadala	Retraction Notice, Paper Retraction, Correction Notice	COPE, Publication Ethics Flowcharts, Editorial Guidelines
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	An article retraction is the invalidation of a published article due to serious flaws (data fraud, major methodological errors, ethical violations) that undermine its conclusions. Retractions are distinct from corrections (which address minor errors) and are initiated by authors, editors, or institutions when integrity is compromised. The first modern retraction was published in 1948. COPE published formal Retraction Guidelines in 2009 (updated 2019) that specify when retraction is appropriate, how it is conducted, and how retraction notices are recorded. Retracted articles remain in the literature with a visible 'RETRACTED' watermark, preserving the scientific record and warning readers.	The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), founded in 1997, is an international organization of journal editors and publishers that promotes and advances research integrity and publication ethics. COPE provides practical guidance through flowcharts, position statements, and ethical guidelines addressing misconduct (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism), authorship disputes, conflicts of interest, and corrections. COPE's resources are freely available and adopted by thousands of journals globally. COPE is not a regulator; it advises editors and researchers on handling ethical issues and promotes a culture of integrity in publishing.