Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti wa Uhusiano× | Utafiti wa Maelezo× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Muundo wa Utafiti | Muundo wa Utafiti |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | Mid-20th century onward (systematised ~1960s–1990s) | Late 19th century; formalized in social/behavioral sciences ~1960s–1980s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Established in educational and social science research methodology; systematised by Fraenkel & Wallen and others | Francis Galton, Karl Pearson (early empirical tradition); formalized in social science by Fred Kerlinger |
| Aina≠ | Quantitative non-experimental survey design | Non-experimental quantitative research design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525748 | Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101 |
| Majina mbadala | correlational survey, associational survey, relationship survey design, relational descriptive survey | descriptive study, descriptive survey design, observational descriptive research, non-experimental descriptive research |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 4 | 3 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Relational survey research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that gathers structured self-report data from a sample and examines the statistical associations among two or more variables. Unlike purely descriptive surveys, which only characterise distributions, relational surveys ask whether and how strongly variables co-vary — providing evidence of relationships without manipulating conditions or establishing causation. | Descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents the characteristics, frequencies, or distributions of variables in a defined population at a given point in time. It answers 'what is' questions — who, what, when, where, and how much — without manipulating variables or drawing causal conclusions. It is one of the most widely used research designs across the social, behavioral, health, and education sciences. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
|
|