Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Mwaka wa Maisha Uliorekebishwa kwa Ubora (QALY)× | Uthabiti wa Kulipa (WTP) katika Uchumi wa Afya× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Uchumi wa Afya | Uchumi wa Afya |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1985 | 1980s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Alan Williams (Health Economics Research Centre, Oxford University) | Carson & Louviere (stated preference/contingent valuation methods) |
| Aina | Method | Method |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Kind, P. (1989). The EuroQol instrument: an index of health-related quality of life. In B. Teeling Smith (Ed.), Measuring health: a practical approach. Chichester: Wiley. link ↗ | Carson, R. T., & Louviere, J. J. (2011). A Common Nomenclature for Stated Choice Studies. In S. Hess & A. Daly (Eds.), Choice Modelling: The State of the Art and the State of Practice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala≠ | QALY, health utility measure | WTP, contingent valuation, stated preference method |
| Zinazohusiana | 5 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A QALY measures health benefit as utility weight (0 = death, 1 = perfect health) multiplied by time lived. Developed by Alan Williams in 1985, QALYs enable comparison of disparate health interventions on a common metric. Used globally by health technology assessment bodies—NICE (UK), HAS (France), CADTH (Canada), WHO—to decide which treatments deserve public funding. | Willingness to pay (WTP) is an economic valuation method that elicits what individuals or society are willing to spend for a health benefit or to avoid a health risk. Rooted in contingent valuation (Carson & Louviere, 1980s), WTP is used to monetize health outcomes for cost-benefit analysis and to infer implicit cost-effectiveness thresholds from actual healthcare spending patterns. Unlike revealed preference (observing actual spending behavior), WTP uses stated preferences—surveys asking respondents: 'How much would you pay for this health improvement?' |
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