Linganisha mbinu

	Uchoraji wa maumbile ya kiasi (QTL mapping)	Alama ya Hatari ya Poligeniki
Nyanja	Jenetiki	Jenetiki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1989	2007
Mwanzilishi	Eric Lander & David Botstein	Shaun Purcell & Nicholas Wray
Aina	Genetic linkage method	Predictive genomic method
Chanzo asilia	Lander, E. S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Mapping Mendelian traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics, 121(1), 185–199.	Purcell, S. M., Wray, N. R., Stone, J. L., Visscher, P. M., O'Donovan, M. C., Sullivan, P. F., & Sklar, P. (2007). Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia. Nature, 460(7256), 748–752.
Majina mbadala	QTL analysis, Linkage mapping, Trait locus mapping	PRS, Polygenic score, Genomic risk score
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping is a genetic method that localizes chromosomal regions influencing quantitative traits—continuous phenotypes controlled by multiple genes and environmental factors. Developed by Lander and Botstein in 1989, QTL mapping uses linkage analysis and trait variation in segregating populations (such as F2 crosses or recombinant inbred lines) to identify genomic intervals containing loci that substantially affect trait values. This foundational approach has been extended to genome-wide association and is essential for understanding the genetic architecture of complex traits.	A polygenic risk score (PRS) is a summary measure that aggregates the effects of many genetic variants across the genome to predict an individual's genetic predisposition to disease or other complex traits. Developed initially by Purcell and colleagues in 2007, PRS methods combine genome-wide association study (GWAS) results with an individual's genotype to generate a personalized risk estimate. PRS approaches have transformed precision medicine by enabling risk stratification and early intervention in populations at high genetic risk.