Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Kimaendeleo wa Uhusiano kati ya Kipimo na Mwitikio	Mfumo wa Cox Proportional Hazards
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1965 (Hill's criteria); widely applied through 1980s–present	1972
Mwanzilishi	Bradford Hill (causal criteria including dose-response, 1965); formalized in modern epidemiology by Rothman, Greenland and others	Sir David Roxbee Cox
Aina	Analytical epidemiological study design	Semi-parametric regression model
Chanzo asilia	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life-tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 34(2), 187–202.
Majina mbadala	prospective exposure-response analysis, prospective trend analysis, forward-looking dose-response study, prospective gradient analysis	Cox regression, Cox PH model, proportional hazards model, CPH
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Prospective dose-response analysis is an epidemiological approach that measures exposure levels in a defined population before outcomes occur, then quantifies how the risk or magnitude of an outcome changes systematically as exposure increases. By collecting exposure data prospectively, researchers can establish temporal sequence, reduce recall bias, and assess whether a biological gradient — one of Hill's classic causal criteria — exists between the agent of interest and a health outcome.	The Cox proportional hazards model is a semi-parametric regression method that estimates the effect of one or more covariates on the hazard — the instantaneous rate of an event such as death, relapse, or failure — while making no assumption about the shape of the baseline hazard function. Introduced by David Cox in 1972, it is the dominant tool for multivariable survival analysis in clinical and epidemiological research.