Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti wa Uchunguzi wa Utabiri wa Usahihi× | Tathmini ya Kipimo cha Kuchuja× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | Formalized 2000s; practice dates to mid-20th century | 1968 (Wilson-Jungner principles); statistical framework developed 1970s–2000s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Established through STARD initiative (Bossuyt, Reitsma et al., 2000s) | Wilson & Jungner (WHO criteria, 1968); foundational work by Pepe, Altman, and others in statistical test evaluation |
| Aina≠ | Observational / evaluative study design | Observational diagnostic / epidemiological evaluation design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L., ... & Cohen, J. F. (2015). STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. BMJ, 351, h5527. DOI ↗ | Wilson, J. M. G., & Jungner, G. (1968). Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. World Health Organization. Public Health Papers No. 34. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | prospective DTA study, prospective test accuracy study, forward-looking diagnostic study, prospective index test evaluation | screening study, screening performance evaluation, screening accuracy assessment, STE |
| Zinazohusiana | 6 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A prospective diagnostic accuracy study enrolls participants before any test results are known and follows them forward in time to evaluate how well an index test (the test under evaluation) distinguishes individuals with and without a target condition, using a reference standard applied independently. Key accuracy metrics include sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the area under the ROC curve. The prospective design reduces many biases inherent in retrospective test evaluations. | Screening test evaluation is a systematic epidemiological approach for assessing whether a test or program can accurately and cost-effectively identify individuals with a condition before symptoms appear. It quantifies diagnostic performance metrics — sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and the ROC curve — and evaluates whether a screening program meets established public health criteria for adoption and harm-benefit balance. |
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