Linganisha mbinu

	PROMIS	SF-12 Afya Survey	Utafiti wa Afya wa SF-36
Nyanja	Upimaji wa Afya	Upimaji wa Afya	Upimaji wa Afya
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2010	1996	1992
Mwanzilishi	National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)	John E. Ware Jr., Mark Kosinski, and Susan Keller	John E. Ware Jr. and Cathy D. Sherbourne
Aina	Computer-adaptive testing and fixed-length patient-reported outcome measures	Brief self-report health status instrument	Self-report health status instrument
Chanzo asilia	Cella, D., Yount, S., Rothrock, N., et al. (2010). The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Medical Care, 45(Suppl 1), S3–S11.	Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care, 34(3), 220–233.	Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473–483.
Majina mbadala	PROMIS measures, NIH PROMIS, Computer Adaptive Testing PROMIS	SF-12v2, Medical Outcomes Study SF-12	SF-36 Questionnaire, Medical Outcomes Study SF-36
Zinazohusiana	5	4	5
Muhtasari	The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is a comprehensive, flexible system of patient-reported outcome measures developed by the National Institutes of Health. Launched in 2010, PROMIS measures health across multiple domains using both fixed-item forms and computer-adaptive testing (CAT). It has become the gold standard for outcomes measurement in clinical trials and health systems research.	The SF-12 is a brief, 12-item version of the SF-36 health survey developed by Ware, Kosinski, and Keller in 1996. Designed to reduce respondent burden while maintaining psychometric validity, it has become the standard instrument for large-scale surveys, epidemiological studies, and health outcomes research where administration time is critical.	The SF-36 is a generic, self-administered 36-item questionnaire measuring eight dimensions of health status. Developed by Ware and Sherbourne in 1992, it has become the most widely used health survey in clinical trials, outcomes research, and population health monitoring. It assesses perceived health across physical and mental domains relevant to the general adult population.