Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Maeneo ya Shida katika Ugonjwa wa Kisukari (PAID)	Kiwango cha Kujiamini katika Usimamizi wa Kisukari (DASES)
Nyanja	Kadiolojia	Kadiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1995	2009
Mwanzilishi	William H. Polonsky	Kate Lorig
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Welch, G. W., Weinger, K., Anderson, B., & Polonsky, W. H. (1997). Responsiveness of the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire. Diabetes Care, 20(5), 696–702.	Lorig, K. R., Ritter, P. L., Villa, F. J., & Armas, J. (2009). Community-based peer-led diabetes self-management: A randomized trial. Diabetes Educator, 35(4), 641–651.
Majina mbadala	PAID	DASES
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) is a 20-item self-report measure that assesses emotional and behavioral problems related to diabetes self-management, including worries about complications, regimen burden, social and family challenges, and emotional distress. Originally developed by Polonsky and colleagues in 1995, the PAID has been extensively validated and remains one of the most widely used diabetes-specific emotional assessment tools in research and clinical practice, particularly for identifying psychosocial barriers to optimal diabetes control.	The Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (DASES) is an 8-item self-report measure that assesses a patient's confidence in their ability to manage key diabetes self-care tasks: medication adherence, glucose monitoring, diet management, exercise, and coping with symptoms or complications. Developed by Lorig and colleagues based on social-cognitive theory, the DASES is grounded in Bandura's self-efficacy framework and demonstrates strong predictive validity for glycemic control, treatment adherence, and quality of life outcomes.