Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Maeneo ya Shida katika Ugonjwa wa Kisukari (PAID)	Kiwango cha Dhiki ya Kisukari (DDS)
Nyanja	Kadiolojia	Kadiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1995	2005
Mwanzilishi	William H. Polonsky	William H. Polonsky
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Welch, G. W., Weinger, K., Anderson, B., & Polonsky, W. H. (1997). Responsiveness of the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire. Diabetes Care, 20(5), 696–702.	Polonsky, W. H., Fisher, L., Earles, J., Dudl, R. J., Lees, J., Mulcahy, K., & Jackson, R. A. (2005). Assessing psychosocial distress in diabetes: Development of the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care, 28(3), 626–631.
Majina mbadala	PAID	DDS
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) is a 20-item self-report measure that assesses emotional and behavioral problems related to diabetes self-management, including worries about complications, regimen burden, social and family challenges, and emotional distress. Originally developed by Polonsky and colleagues in 1995, the PAID has been extensively validated and remains one of the most widely used diabetes-specific emotional assessment tools in research and clinical practice, particularly for identifying psychosocial barriers to optimal diabetes control.	The Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) is a 17-item self-report measure that quantifies emotional and psychosocial distress specifically related to living with and managing diabetes. Developed by Polonsky and colleagues in 2005, the DDS captures diabetes-specific worries (e.g., regimen burden, fear of complications, social stigma, lack of support) that are distinct from generalized depression or anxiety, making it essential for identifying and addressing the emotional obstacles to optimal diabetes self-management.