Linganisha mbinu

	Muundo wa Majaribio wa Kabla na Baada ya Upimaji	Jaribio la Kiwango
Nyanja	Muundo wa Majaribio	Muundo wa Majaribio
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley)	1926–1935
Mwanzilishi	Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley	Ronald A. Fisher
Aina	Experimental / quasi-experimental research design	Quantitative experimental design
Chanzo asilia	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.	Fisher, R. A. (1935). The Design of Experiments. Oliver and Boyd.
Majina mbadala	pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design	factorial design, factorial ANOVA design, multi-factor experiment, crossed-factor design
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences.	A factorial experiment is an experimental design in which two or more independent variables (factors) are manipulated simultaneously, and every combination of their levels is tested. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in the 1920s–1930s, it is the standard approach whenever a researcher needs to detect not only the main effect of each factor but also whether the effect of one factor depends on the level of another — the interaction effect.