Linganisha mbinu

	Muundo wa Majaribio wa Kesi Moja wa Vitendo	Jaribio la Kisasa la Kidhibiti cha Nasibu
Nyanja	Muundo wa Majaribio	Muundo wa Majaribio
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1960s–1970s (SSED roots); pragmatic framing prominent from 1990s onward	1967
Mwanzilishi	Applied behavior analysis tradition (Sidman, Baer, Wolf, Risley); pragmatic adaptation from clinical research	Daniel Schwartz and Joseph Lellouch
Aina	Single-case experimental design variant	Experimental design — pragmatic trial
Chanzo asilia	Kazdin, A. E. (2011). Single-Case Research Designs: Methods for Clinical and Applied Settings (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195341881	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
Majina mbadala	pragmatic SSED, pragmatic N-of-1 design, real-world single-case design, applied single-subject experimental design	pRCT, pragmatic trial, practical clinical trial, real-world RCT
Zinazohusiana	6	4
Muhtasari	Pragmatic single-subject experimental design applies the logic of single-case experimentation — repeated measurement, baseline comparison, and phase manipulation — within real-world practice settings rather than controlled laboratories. It allows practitioners and clinicians to rigorously evaluate interventions for individual participants without requiring large samples, making it especially valuable in applied, clinical, and educational contexts where heterogeneity across individuals is high.	A pragmatic randomized controlled trial (pRCT) tests whether an intervention works under ordinary, real-world conditions — broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and routine care settings. Participants are still randomly assigned to treatment or control, preserving causal inference, but the study is designed to reflect the diversity and variability of actual practice rather than the ideal conditions of an explanatory trial. The defining framework is the PRECIS-2 tool, which maps any RCT along nine pragmatic-to-explanatory dimensions.