Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Muundo wa Kijaribio wa Pragmatic wa Pretest-Posttest× | Mpango wa Majaribio wa Kuvuka-Mtihani wa Awali-Mtihani wa Baada× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Muundo wa Majaribio | Muundo wa Majaribio |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1963 (pre-post design); 1967 (pragmatic distinction) | 1963 (Campbell & Stanley framework); crossover methodology formalized 1980s–2000s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); Campbell & Stanley (pre-post design) | Donald T. Campbell & Julian C. Stanley (pretest-posttest framework); Stephen Senn (crossover trial methodology) |
| Aina≠ | Experimental / quasi-experimental design | Within-subjects experimental design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637-648. DOI ↗ | Senn, S. (2002). Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471496533 |
| Majina mbadala | pragmatic pre-post design, real-world pretest-posttest study, effectiveness pre-post design, pragmatic before-after study | within-subjects pretest-posttest design, repeated-measures crossover design, AB/BA pretest-posttest design, crossover repeated-measures design |
| Zinazohusiana | 5 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A pragmatic pretest-posttest experimental design combines the before-after measurement structure of the classic pre-post design with the real-world, high-external-validity ethos of pragmatic research. Participants are assessed on relevant outcomes before an intervention is delivered in routine or naturalistic conditions, then re-assessed afterward. The goal is to estimate the effectiveness of the intervention as it actually works in practice rather than under ideal, tightly controlled efficacy conditions. | A crossover pretest-posttest experimental design is a within-subjects experiment in which each participant receives two or more treatments in a randomized sequence, with outcome measurements taken both before and after each treatment period. By serving as their own control across conditions, participants allow direct intra-individual comparison, dramatically increasing statistical power while reducing the sample size required relative to a parallel-group design. |
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