Linganisha mbinu

	Jaribio la uga la vitendo	Jaribio la Shamba Lililopangwa kwa Vikundi (Cluster Randomized Field Experiment)
Nyanja	Muundo wa Majaribio	Muundo wa Majaribio
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1967 (pragmatic framing); 2009 (PRECIS tool)	1980s–1990s (formalized methodology)
Mwanzilishi	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); formalized for practice through PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.)	David M. Murray (group-randomized trials framework); applied broadly in public health and education research
Aina	Experimental design	Randomized experimental design
Chanzo asilia	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Murray, D. M. (1998). Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195120424
Majina mbadala	pragmatic effectiveness trial, real-world field experiment, effectiveness field trial, practical field study	CRFE, cluster-randomized trial in the field, group-randomized field experiment, community-randomized field experiment
Zinazohusiana	6	4
Muhtasari	A pragmatic field experiment tests whether an intervention works under real-world, routine conditions rather than under the tightly controlled settings of a laboratory or explanatory trial. It combines the pragmatic trial philosophy — prioritising external validity and decision-relevance — with field experimentation, so findings directly inform policy and practice. The design is positioned toward the pragmatic end of the PRECIS continuum and is widely used in public health, education, agriculture, and behavioral economics.	A cluster randomized field experiment (CRFE) assigns intact groups — schools, villages, clinics, workplaces — rather than individuals to treatment or control conditions, and the experiment is conducted in real-world settings rather than a laboratory. Randomization at the group level controls for contamination between conditions while preserving the ecological validity of the natural environment. It is the dominant design for evaluating community-level, school-based, or workplace interventions in public health, education policy, and development economics.