Linganisha mbinu

	Mfululizo wa Kesi wa Pragmatic	Utafiti wa Cohort
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Pragmatic framing formalized 1967; case series practice predates 20th century	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)
Mwanzilishi	Pragmatic framework: Schwartz & Lellouch (1967); case series design: longstanding clinical tradition	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)
Aina	Observational descriptive study	Observational longitudinal study design
Chanzo asilia	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
Majina mbadala	real-world case series, pragmatic observational case series, practice-based case series	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	A pragmatic case series is an observational study that documents consecutive or purposively selected patients receiving a clinical intervention or presenting with a condition under routine, real-world practice conditions — without randomization, a control group, or the highly controlled eligibility criteria characteristic of explanatory trials. It is used to describe treatment patterns, outcomes, and adverse events as they occur in everyday clinical settings.	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.