Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kesi-Udhibiti wa Vitendo	Utafiti Ulinganifu wa Kesi na Kidhibiti
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1950s–1960s (classical); pragmatic framing 1967–2000s	1950s–1970s
Mwanzilishi	Evolved from classical case-control methodology (Dorn, 1954; Cornfield, 1956); pragmatic framing formalized by Schwartz & Lellouch (1967)	Brian MacMahon and others; systematised by Schlesselman (1982)
Aina	Observational epidemiological study design	Observational analytic design
Chanzo asilia	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755474
Majina mbadala	real-world case-control study, pragmatic case-control design, effectiveness case-control study, PCCS	matched case-referent study, individually matched case-control, pair-matched case-control, matched case-control design
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	A pragmatic case-control study is an observational design that compares individuals who have developed a disease or outcome (cases) with those who have not (controls), using data collected under routine real-world conditions rather than strictly controlled experimental settings. Exposure histories are reconstructed from clinical records, registries, or administrative databases. The design is chosen when a conventional explanatory case-control study would be impractical, unethical, or too narrow to inform actual clinical or public-health decisions.	A matched case-control study is an observational epidemiological design in which each case (a person with the disease or outcome of interest) is paired with one or more controls (persons without the outcome) who share one or more characteristics — such as age, sex, or clinical setting — to control confounding. Exposure history is then compared between cases and their matched controls to estimate the odds ratio of the exposure-disease association.